Irrigation is providing the soil with the appropriate amount of water it needs, and it maintains the soil moisture level that helps plants grow. The irrigation process washes the soil of excess salts, and keeps the appropriate amount needed by the plant root, and transfers it to the ground. It also helps the plant absorb nutrients in the soil by dissolving them. Irrigation activates the bacteria in the soil, and the function of these bacteria is to analyze organic materials; as the water reaching the soil roots and spreading in it maintains the temperature in it in a manner that suits the plant, and reduces the severity of frost and its effects. Water is one of the secrets of life in its various forms, whether underground, from rain, or otherwise, and due to the limited water sources, the importance of research and finding methods for irrigation has emerged; So that it is modern and good for the best use of water and to reduce the amount of wasted water as much as possible, and the methods were chosen based on several things, including: the topography of the land, the structure of the soil, the time between the time of the first irrigation process and the next process, the type of plant to be irrigated, the availability of water in that area, and the availability of labor. Modern irrigation methods There are several irrigation methods, namely: Irrigation using sprinklers, drip irrigation, and surface irrigation. We will mention the specifications of each type of these methods. 1- Irrigation with sprinklers: This modern irrigation method began to be used in the late 20th century, and its spread increased after World War II after the availability of efficient pumps, pipes and light-duty sprinklers. In this method, water is sprayed into the air through small holes in the pipes and tubes until it falls on the surface of the soil and plants in the form of rain spray. The advantages of this method are that it enables farmers to add fertilizer and pesticides with water, and it can be used in uneven lands, and it does not require workers, and protects plants from frost, and works to maintain their temperature, and one of the disadvantages of this method is that it leads to the appearance of salts on the surface of the soil.

2- Drip irrigation In this method, water is added in the form of drops of water directly under the plants, and it is placed within an irrigation network that ends with points for water to exit. This method is useful in that it is suitable for sandy and desert soil, and works to save water, but one of the disadvantages of this method is that establishing irrigation networks in it is expensive, and that it requires highly efficient workers.

3- Surface irrigation is done by submerging the soil in water, and this method has advantages; as it is easy to use, its cost is low, and it does not require trained workers, but it has disadvantages, including that it is not possible to control the amount of water used for the plant, which leads to the loss of large amounts of water.

Makani Company for Investment and Agricultural Development designs all types of irrigation networks and also supplies services to the client’s land from the finest raw materials manufactured from UPVC material with operating pressures from 6 to 16 bars according to the client’s request and in compliance with Egyptian and international standard specifications.